Many infections cause gross and microscopic changes of the placenta, but others, such as Coxsackie virus infection, leave few characteristic or specifically recognizable traces. Rarely are they acquired by amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, amnioscopy (Horky & Amon, 1967), percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS Wilkins et al., 1989), or intrauterine fetal transfusion (Goodlin, 1965 Scott & Henderson, 1972). Infections may ascend from the endocervical canal, or they may reach the placenta hematogenously through the maternal blood. Ultrastructural studies are especially lacking in this area and might be helpful, particularly when virus infection is suspected. Many types of infection cause placental changes, but in some types the infection may be difficult to prove from placental examination.
Their pathogenesis and related circumstances must be understood if the pathological lesions are to be interpreted correctly. Prenatal infections are an important aspect of placental pathology.
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